Kelompok Softskill :
Achmad Irfan
Boby Monginsidi
Ghailan Aldi M.
Tubagus Aji P.
M. Taufiq K.
1 and 2 :
Theory Computation and Cloud Computing
Introduction
General, computation can be interpreted as a way to find problem solving
from input data by using an algorithm. Computing is a sub-field of computer
science and mathematics. For thousands of years, calculations and
computations have generally been done using pens and paper, or chalk and
slate, or done mentally, sometimes with the help of a table. But now, most
computing was done using computers. This computer-based computing is called
Modern Computing.
History of Modern Computation The beginning of computing is the existence
of human figures. Humans have known numbers and calculations since
centuries ago. Roman nation has been able to calculate the system of
calendars and constellations. Along with the development of human era also
perform more complex calculations. The human brain also experienced
limitations in calculating numbers that can digit numbers, then created the
abacus tool to calculate, then develop into a calculator, Because the
development of tools and needs more and more data to be counted, and start
the idea of making to make a computer as a tool to calculate the concept
of modern computing. Not only that, the computer created up to now is not a
tool used to calculate, but also can store, edit and process words and many
more uses and advantages possessed by the computer.
Theory Computation
THEORY OF COMPUTATION
The theory of computation is theoretical computer science. Computational
theory deals with the study of how problems can be solved on a model using
algorithms. The model is called a computational model. The computational
theory is subdivided into 3 branches:
-Automata theory (automata theory)
-Theory of Computability (computability theory)
-Theory of Complexity (computational complexity theory)
Computability theory aims to examine whether computational problems can be
solved on a theoretical computational model. In other words, the theory of
computability classifies the problem as solvable or unsolvable. The theory
of complexity aims to examine the need for time and space to solve problems
solved by different approaches.
In other words, the theory of complexity classifies the problem as an easy
or hard question. Computability theory introduces several concepts used in
complexity theory. Automata theory refers to the definition and properties
of computational models. In computational theory, the most commonly used
computation model is Turing Machine.
Some models of computing:
Finite State Automata (FSA) / Finite State Machine (FSM)
Push Down Automata (PDA)
Turing Machine (TM) or TM
Implementation of computing in the fields of physics, chemistry,
mathematics, economics, geology, geography
1. Implementation of Modern Computation in the Field of Physics
The implementation of modern computing in the field of physics is
Computational Physics which studies a combination of Physics, Computer
Science and Applied Mathematics to provide solutions to "complex and
complex events in the real world" either by using simulations as well as
the proper use of algorithms. The understanding of physics in theory,
experimentation, and computation must be comparable, in order to produce
the appropriate numerical and visualization / modeling solutions to
understand the Physics problem.
To perform work such as integral evaluations, solving differential
equations, solving simultaneous equations, plotting a function / data,
making the development of a series of functions, finding the root of the
equation and working with complex numbers for which computational physics
is applied. Many software or languages are used, both MatLab, Visual
Basic, Fortran, Open Source Physics (OSP), Labview, Mathematica, etc. are
used for understanding and finding numerical solutions to problems in
Computational Physics.
2. Implementation of Modern Computation in Chemistry
Implementation of modern computation in the field of chemistry is
Computational Chemistry is the use of computer science to help solve
chemical problems, for example the use of super computers to calculate the
structure and molecular properties. The term chemical theory can be defined
as a mathematical description for chemistry, whereas computational
chemistry is typically used when mathematical methods are developed well
enough to be used in computer programs. It should be noted that the word
"exact" or "perfect" does not appear here, because very few chemical
aspects can be calculated appropriately. Almost all aspects of chemistry
can be described in the scheme of quantitative or qualitative computing
almost.
3. Implementation of Modern Computation in Mathematics
Resolving a problem relating to mathematical calculations, but in the sense
that will be discussed in the discussion of modern computing is a system
that will solve mathematical problems using a computer by preparing
algorithms that can be understood by computers that are useful for solving
human problems.
4. Implementation of Modern Computing in Economic Field
Programming specifically designed for economic computing, and development
of aids in computing economics education. Because the economic field must
have problems that must be solved by the algorithm for example is solve the
theory of statistics to solve financial problems.
One example of computing in economics is statistical computing. Statistical
computing is the department that studies the techniques of data processing,
program making, and data analysis and statistical information system
preparation techniques such as database compilation, data communications,
network systems, and statistical data dissemination.
5. Implementation of Computing in the Field of Geology and Geography
Geology and Geography, in this field can be used such as modeling the
access of the geographic state of a monitored surface area in the event of
movement or vibration. In addition, information on weather forecasts is
very useful for everything, especially air and sea transportation.
1. Introduction to Clould Computing
A. Introduction
The development of technology in this era using concepts such as social
networking, open, share, colaborations, mobile, easy maintenance, one
click, distributed, scalability, concurency, and transparent. Until now the
trend of Cloud Computing technology is still being investigated in the
research - the world of IT experts. With various advantages and
disadvantages, Cloud Computing comes with easy access to data from anywhere
and anytime, because by utilizing the internet and using a fixed device or
mobile device using the Internet cloud as a place of data storage,
applications and others. This technology will provide many advantages both
from the service provider (provider) or from the user. The application of
this technology has a very significant impact on the development of the
technology itself, both from the user side and from the industry side.
Users benefit from the increasing ease of obtaining or downloading data
quickly and easily as many services are opened by industry. The advantages
for the industry is no less great with the convenience obtained by users,
because with the advancement of cloud computing technology will further
facilitate the industry to market products and spread information widely
throughout the world. In general, the definition of cloud computing (cloud
computing) is a combination of the use of computer technology (computing)
in a network with Internet-based development (cloud) that has the function
to run programs or applications through computers connected at the same
time, but not all which connects via the Internet using cloud computing.
Cloud-based computer system technology is a technology that makes the
Internet as a central server to manage data and user applications. This
technology allows users to run programs without installation and allows
users to access their personal data through computers with internet access.
B. Introduction to Grid Computing
Grid Computing is actually a development application of a computer network
(network). Unlike conventional computer networks that focus on
device-to-device communication, applications on grid computing are designed
to take advantage of resources at terminals in the network. Grid Computing
is usually applied to run a function that is too complex or too intensive
to be done by a single system. Just as Internet users access various
websites and use various protocols as if in a stand-alone system, Grid
Computing application users seem to be using a virtual computer with huge
data processing capacity.
By definition Grid Computing or Grid Computing is one of the parallel
computing data types. Because the use of its resources involves many
computers geographically dispersed but connected via communication channels
(including the internet) to solve large-scale computing problems. The
faster the communication path is open, the chances of combining computing
performance from separate computer sources become increasingly widespread.
Thus, the scale of distributed computing can be increased geographically
further, across administrative domain boundaries.
The faster the communication path is open, the chances to combine computing
performance from separate computing sources are increasing. Thus, the scale
of distributed computing can be increased geographically further, across
the boundaries of existing administrative domains.
C. Virtualization
There are two terms that are currently popular in terms of computing
technology, namely Virtualization and Cloud computing, but today it seems
that many think that virtualization and cloud computing is the same thing,
when in fact cloud computing is more than just virtualization.
Virtualization is a technology, which allows you to create virtual versions
of something physical, such as operating systems, data storage or network
resources. The process is done by a software or firmware called Hypervisor.
Hypervisor is the soul of virtualization, because he is the layer that
"pretend" to be an infrastructure to run multiple virtual machines. In
practice, by buying and owning one machine, you seem to have multiple
servers, so you can reduce IT spending for new server purchases,
components, storage, and other support software.
In hardware virtualization, the software works to form a virtual machine
that acts as if it were a genuine computer with an operating system
installed in it. One easy example suppose there is one computer that has
installed GNU / Linux Ubuntu. Then by using virtualization software such as
Virtual box we can install two other operating system as an example of
Windows XP and FreeBSD.
The operating system installed on the computer physically in this case GNU
/ Linux is called as host machine while the operating system installed
above it is called the guest machine. The terms host and guest are
introduced to make it easy to distinguish between a physical operating
system installed on a computer with an operating system installed on it or
virtual.
The software used to create virtual machines on a host machine is commonly
referred to as a hypervisor or Virtual Machine Monitor (VMM). According to
Robert P. Goldberg on his thesis entitled "Architectural Principles For
Virtual Computer Systems" on page 23 mentions that the types of VMM are 2:
- Type 1 runs on the physical computer that exists directly. In this type
of hypervisor / VMM actually controls the hardware of the host computer.
Includes controlling the operating system-its guest operating system.
Examples of existing implementations and I have tried directly is VMWare
ESXi. As for other examples that exist like Microsoft Hyper-V
- Type 2 runs on the operating system above it. In this type of course
guest operating system is located on the layer above it again.
D.Distributed Computation in Cloud Computing
Distributed computing is a field of computer science that studies
distributed systems. A distributed system consists of several autonomous
computers that communicate over a computer network. Computers that interact
with each other to achieve common goals. A computer program that runs in a
distributed system is called a distributed program, and distributed
programming is the process of writing the program. Distributed computing
also refers to the use of distributed systems to solve computing problems.
In distributed computing, the problem is divided into many tasks, each of
which is solved by one computer.
This activity is a collection of several computers that are connected to
perform distribution, such as sending and receiving data and other
interactions between computers that require a network for one computer and
another can interact and interact. This is all done with cloud computing as
we know to provide services where the information is stored on the server
permanently and stored on the client computer in temporary.
Distributed Computing is one of the goals of Cloud Computing, because it
offers access to resources in parallel, users can also use it
simultaneously (not having to wait in the queue for service), consisting of
many systems so that if one system crashes, will be affected, can save
operational costs because it does not require resources (resource).
This computational distribution has the definition of studying the
coordinated use of physically separate or distributed computers. In this
distributed computing, the program is split into several parts
simultaneously run on many computers connected via the internet network.
E. Map Reduce and No SQL
Map-Reduce is one of the most important technical concepts in cloud
technology especially because it can be implemented in a distributed
computing environment. Thus it will guarantee the scalability of our
application. One example of the real implementation of this map-reduce in a
product is what Google does. With inspiration from the functional
programming map and reducing Google can generate a highly scalable
distributed filesystem, Google Big Table. And also inspired by Google, in
the realm of open source visible acceleration development of other
framework that is also distributed and using the same concept, open source
project is named Apache Hadoop.
NoSQL is a term to state things that include a simple database containing
key and values like cache, or more sophisticated non-relational databases
like MongoDB, Cassandra, CouchDB, and more.
Wikipedia says NoSQL is a database management system that is different from
the classic relational database management system in some ways. NoSQL may
not require table schemes and generally avoid join operations and develop
horizontally. Academics call this kind of database as structured storage, a
term that includes a relational database management system.
F. No SQL Database
The NoSQL database, also called Not Only SQL, is an approach to data
management and database design useful for a very large set of distributed
data. NoSQL, which includes various technologies and architectures, strives
to solve the problem of scalability and the performance of large data that
relational databases are not designed to handle. NoSQL is very useful when
companies need to access and analyze large amounts of structured data or
data stored remotely on multiple virtual servers in the cloud.
Contrary to the misunderstanding caused by its name, NoSQL does not
prohibit structured query languages (SQL). While it is true that some
NoSQL systems are completely non-relational, others just avoid selected
relational functions like fixed table schemes and join operations. For
example, instead of using tables, NoSQL databases might organize data into
objects, key / value pairs or tuples
Source :
https://adhibarfan.wordpress.com/2016/04/21/pengantar-komputasi-cloud/
https://diioradhitya.blogspot.co.id/2017/03/implementasi-komputasi-dalam-bidang.html
https://anggasaputro.wordpress.com/2016/03/15/teori-komputasi-dan-penerapannya/
